تعريف "الاستثمار" في ضوء اتفاقية تسوية منازعات الاستثمار (الأكسيد) (قضية ساليني)

وضاح بن طالب بن يحيى الهنائي(1), الدكتور/ صالح بن حمد بن محمد البراشدي(2)
(1) ,
(2)

الملخص

 اتفاقية تسوية منازعات الاستثمار "اتفاقية الأكسيد" لم تعرف المقصود بالاستثمار، وكمحاولة لتفسير المقصود بها ظهرت هناك ما يسمّى "بمعايير ساليني" والتي تم التطرق إليها في القضية القضائية المشهورة والمعروفة باسم "ساليني". إلاّ أن السوابق القضائية للمركز الدولي لتسوية منازعات الاستثمار والاتفاقيات الثنائية للاستثمار يشيران إلى أن "معايير ساليني" قد لا تكون كافية لتغطية مجموعة واسعة من الأنشطة الاقتصادية التي تعتبرها الدول والمستثمرون جديرة بالحماية من قِبل اتفاقية الأكسيد. وفي ضوء غياب تعريف واضح للاستثمار في الاتفاقية، اتبع محكِّمي مركز الأكسيد في تناولهم للمنازعات المعروضة عليهم أحد اتجاهين: الأول يحدد مسألة الاستثمار وفقاً لمعايير موضوعية (أصول المستثمر، مدة المشروع، المخاطر التي يتحمَّلها المستثمر)، والأخر يحدد اتجاهه وفقاً لمعايير ذاتية بناءً على اتفاق الطرفين الذي يُبيِّن نطاق الأنشطة الاقتصادية الاستثمارية. تسعى هذه الورقة إلى تحليل معنى الاستثمار في ضوء الاتفاقيات الثنائية للاستثمار، وقضايا مركز الأكسيد، والاتجاهات الفقهية في هذا الشأن، وكذلك في ضوء ما ورد باتفاقية تسوية منازعات الاستثمار.

النص الكامل

تم إنشاؤه من ملف XML

المراجع

References List

• Books and Articles:

1) Alex Grabowski, ‘The Definition of Investment under the ICSID Convention: A Defense of Salini’ (2014) 15 Chicago Journal of International Law, 297.

2) Andrew Newcombe, ‘General Exceptions in International Investment Agreements’ (2008) Draft Discussion Paper prepared for BIICL Eight Annual WTO Conference, 1.

3) Campbell McLachlan, Laurence Shore and Matthew Weiniger, International Investment Arbitration: Substantive Principles (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

4) Christoph Schreuer, The ICSID Convention: A Commentary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

5) Cornélie Marianne den Outer, ‘ICSID Jurisdiction over Sovereign Bonds’ (Master’s Thesis for the Master International Trade and Investment Law of the University of Amsterdam 2015) 8.

6) Devashish Krishan, ‘A Notion of ICSID Investment’ (2008) 1 Transnational Dispute Management, 5-7 cited in den Outer (note 20) 11.

7) Emmanuel Gaillard, ‘‘Biwater’, Classic Investment Bases: Input, Risk, Duration’ (2008) 240 New York Law Journal, 3.

8) Emmanuel Gaillard and Yas Banifatemi, ‘Introductory notes to ICSID: Salini Costruttori SPA and Italstrade SPA v. Kingdom of Morocco (Proceeding on jurisdiction)’ (2003) 42 International Legal Materials, 606.

9) Felix Okpe, ‘Endangered Element of ICSID Arbitral Practice: Investment Treaty Arbitration, Foreign Direct Investment, and the Promise of Economic Development in Host States (2014) 13 (2) Richmond Journal of Global Law and Business, 258.

10) Fenghua Li, ‘The Divergence and Convergence of ICSID and Non-ICSID Abitration’ (Dphil thesis, University of Glasgow 2014).

11) Jacob Viner, International Economic: Studies (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press 1951).

12) Jean Ho,‘The Meaning Of ‘Investment’ In ICSID Arbitrations’ (2010) 26 Arbitration International, 634.

13) Jean-Pierre Harb, ‘Definition Of Investments Protected by International Treaties : An On-Going Hot Debate’ (2011) 26 Mealey’s International Arbitration Report, 3.

14) Jonathan Law (ed) A dictionary of Law, 8th edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013) 348.

15) Joseph M. Boddicker, ‘Whose Dictionary Controls?: Recent Challenges to the Term “Investment” in ICSID Arbitration’ (2010) 25 (5) American University International Law Review, 1033.

16) Julian Davis Mortenson, ‘The Meaning of “Investment”: ICSID’s Travaux and the Domain of International Investment Law’ (2010) 51 Harvard International Law Journal, 259.

17) Julien Fouret and Dany Khayat, 'International Centre For Settlement Of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Case Law Review' (2013) 12 The Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, 113-161 cited in den Outer (note 20) 11.

18) Krista Nadakavukaren Schefer, International investment law: text, cases and materials (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016).

19) Lise Johnson, ‘International Investment Agreements: Are their policy aims served by their broad definitions of covered “investors” and “investments”?’ [2014] European International Business Academy, 13.

20) Lorenzo Cotula, ‘Property rights, negotiating power and foreign investment: An international and comparative law study on Africa’ (Dphil thesis, University of Edimburgh 2009).

21) Mavluda Sattorova, ‘From Expropriation to Non-Expropriatory Standards of Treatment: Toward a Unified Concept of an Investment Treaty Breach’ (Dphil thesis, University of Birmingham 2010) 13.

22) Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah, The International Law on Foreign Investment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010).

23) Noah Rubbins, "The Notion of Investment in International Investment Arbitration", in ed. Arbitration Foreign Investment Disputes: Procedural and Substantive Legal Aspect, (Kluwer Law International, 2004).

24) Obianuju Chioma Ezejiofor, ‘Domestic courts and international investment arbitral tribunals: nurturing a profitable and symbiotic relationship’ (Dphil thesis, Queen Mary University of London 2014).

25) Omar E. Garcia-Bolivar, ‘Defining an ICSID Investment : Why Economic Development Should be the Core Element’ (Investment Treaty News, 13 April 2012).

26) Peter Muchlinski, Multinational Enterprises and the Law (2nd Ed, Oxford University Press 2007).

27) Rudolph Dolzer and Christoph Schreuer, Principles of international investment law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) 13.

28) Shokouh Hossein Abadi, ‘Power in Investor-State Arbitration’ (Dphil thesis, King’s College London, University of London 2014).

29) UNCTAD, World Investment Report 2016 (United Nations 2016) xii.

30) Velimir Zivkovic, ‘Contractual Rights As Protected Investments In International Investment Law’ SSRN Electronic Journal, 25.

31) World Bank, ICSID Convention, Regulations and Rules (Washington: ICSID 2006) 43 §22.

• Cases:

1) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/96/3, Fedax N.V. v. The Republic of Venezuela (Decision on Objection to Jurisdiction of July 11 1997) (1998) 37 International Legal Materials, 1378.

2) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/00/4, Salini Costruttori S.p.A., and Italstrade S.p.A. v. Kingdom of Morocco (Decision on Jurisdiction of July 23 2001) (2003) 42 International Legal Materials, 609.

3) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/99/7, Mr. Patrick Mitchell v. Democratic Republic of Congo (Decision on the Application for Annulment of the Award of November 1st 2006).

4) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/00/4, Salini (note 32).

5) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/96/3, Fedax (note 31).

6) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/97/4, Ceskoslovenska Obchodni Bank, A.S. (CSOB) v. The Slovak Republic, (Decision of Objection to Jurisdiction of May 24 1999) (1999) ICSID Review, 251.

7) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/00/06, Consortium RFCC v. Kingdom of Morocco (Award of December 22 2003) (2003) ICISD Review, 391.

8) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/03/11, Joy Mining Machinery Limited v. The Arab Republic of Egypt, (Award of August 6 2004) (2004) 19 ICSID Review, 486.

9) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/00/4, Salini (note 32).

10) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/04/13, Jan de Nul N.V. and Dredging International N.V. v. Arab Republic of Egypt (Decision on Jurisdiction of June 16 2006) 29-29 §91,92.

11) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/05/18, Ioannis Kardassopoulos v. The Republic of Georgia (Decision on Jurisdiction of July 6 2007) 32-33 §116,117.

12) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/03/08, Consortium Groupement L.E.S.I.- DIPENTA v. République algérienne démocratique et populaire (Award of January 10 2005) §13,14 and 15.

13) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/03/11, Joy Mining Machinery Limited v. The Arab Republic of Egypt, (Award of August 6 2004) (2004) 19 ICSID Review, 486.

14) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/03/29, Bayindir Insaat Turizm Ticaret Ve Sanayi A.S. v. Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Decision on Jurisdiction of November 14 2005) 35 §130 and 37 §138.

15) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/05/10, Malaysian Historical Salvors, SDN, BHD v. The Government of Malaysia (Award on Jurisdiction of May 17 2007) 23 §73-74, 35 §107 and 49 §146.

16) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/08/8, Inmaris Perestroika Sailing Maritime Services GmbH and Others v. Ukraine (Decision on Jurisdiction of March 8 2010) 59 §129.

17) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/07/16, Alpha Projektholding GmbH v. Ukraine (Award of November 8 2010).

18) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/05/22, Biwater Gauff (Tanzania) Ltd. v. United Republic of Tanzania (Award of July 24 2008).

19) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/06/2, Quiborax S.A., Non Metallic Minerals S.A. and Allan Fosk Kaplún v. Plurinational State of Bolivia (Decision on Jurisdiction of September 27 2012).

20) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/05/10, Malaysian Historical Salvors (note 100).

21) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/10/7, Philip Morris Brands Sàrl, Philip Morris Products S.A. and Abal Hermanos S.A. v. Oriental Republic of Uruguay (Decision on Jurisdiction).

22) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/98/2, Victor Pey Casado and President Allende Foundation v. Republic of Chile (Award of May 8 2002 in French) 41 §113.

23) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/03/08, L.E.S.I. (note 96) §14.

24) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/07/20, Saba Fakes v. Republic of Turkey (Award of July 14 2010) 36 §111.

25) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/06/5, Phoenix Action, Ltd. v. The Czech Republic (Award of April 15 2009) 34 §85.

26) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/06/5, Phoenix Action, Ltd. v. The Czech Republic (Award of April 15 2009).

27) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/97/4, Ceskoslovenska Obchodni Banka, A.S.(CSOB) v. The Slovak Republic (Decision of the Tribunal on Objections to Jurisdiction of May 24 1999).

28) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes Case No. ARB/03/11, Joy Mining (note 97).

المؤلفون

وضاح بن طالب بن يحيى الهنائي
الدكتور/ صالح بن حمد بن محمد البراشدي
تعريف "الاستثمار" في ضوء اتفاقية تسوية منازعات الاستثمار (الأكسيد) (قضية ساليني). (2025). مجلة الدراسات الفقهية والقانونية , 9(يناير), 36. https://doi.org/10.70299/hji.i9.7
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تعريف "الاستثمار" في ضوء اتفاقية تسوية منازعات الاستثمار (الأكسيد) (قضية ساليني). (2025). مجلة الدراسات الفقهية والقانونية , 9(يناير), 36. https://doi.org/10.70299/hji.i9.7